ROP laser by DR Jignesh Gala

Retinal Specialist in Andheri West, Mumbai — Every Retina Condition We Treat, Explained in Plain Words

Retinal Specialist in Andheri West, Mumbai — Every Retina Condition We Treat, Explained in Plain Words

Written & medically reviewed by Dr. Jignesh Gala, Vitreoretinal & Cataract Surgeon (FRCS Glasgow), Founder & Director — Crystal Clear Eye Clinic (Andheri West) and Topax Eye Hospital (Vile Parle East), Mumbai. Facts verified: 24 July 2026.

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⚡ Quick answer: A retinal specialist in Andheri West treats every disease of the back of the eye — diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration (AMD), retinal detachment, macular holes, vein occlusions, PCV, floaters and more — using three tools: injections, lasers and vitrectomy surgery. At Crystal Clear Eye Clinic, Andheri West, Dr. Jignesh Gala (FRCS Glasgow, vitreoretinal fellowship from L.V. Prasad Eye Institute) diagnoses on in-house OCT/OCTA and treats in his own operation theatre at Topax Eye Hospital, Vile Parle East. Consultation ₹800–1,500. Call 077188 85245.

1. What a Retinal Specialist Actually Treats

Think of the eye as a camera: the cornea and lens are the front glass, and the retina is the film at the back — the living tissue that turns light into the pictures your brain sees. A general ophthalmologist looks after the whole camera; a retinal specialist (vitreoretinal surgeon) is the super-specialist of the back half — the retina, macula, vitreous gel and choroid. After MS ophthalmology, a retinal specialist completes 1–2 years of dedicated fellowship training and then spends every working day on exactly these diseases.

This focus matters because posterior-segment diseases behave differently: they are often painless, silent for years, and then suddenly urgent. A retinal detachment gives you hours, not weeks. Wet AMD needs its first injection within days. Diabetic retinopathy can be advanced before vision blurs. That is why “seeing a specialist” is not a luxury — it is how retinal disease is caught while it is still treatable. If you want to understand the doctor behind the degree, start with know your eye doctor.

Retinal specialist in Andheri West — dilated retina examination at Crystal Clear Eye Clinic, Mumbai
Every retina consultation begins with a dilated examination by the specialist himself — no technician handovers.

2. The A–Z Table of Retina Conditions

Twelve conditions, one line each — what it is, the first symptom, and the usual treatment in 2026:

ConditionWhat It Is (One Line)First SymptomUsual Treatment
Diabetic retinopathyDiabetes damages retinal blood vesselsOften none — screening finds itAnti-VEGF injections, PRP laser, sugar control
Diabetic macular edema (DME)Fluid leaks into the maculaBlurred, patchy central visionAnti-VEGF injections (₹8,000–38,000 by drug)
Wet AMDAbnormal vessels grow under the maculaBent lines, central grey patchAnti-VEGF — aflibercept proven in the VIEW trials (VIEW evidence); see Eylea injection cost & side effects
Dry AMD / geographic atrophyMacular cells slowly wear outGradual dimming, trouble readingMonitoring; complement inhibitors (avacincaptad pegol) per GATHER2 (Lancet 2023, Ophthalmology 2021)
PCVPolyp-like vessels bleed under retinaSudden central blur, age 50–70Anti-VEGF ± PDT — PLANET study (PLANET evidence)
Retinal detachmentRetina peels off its bedFloaters, flashes, a curtain — I see a curtain or shadow in my visionEmergency vitrectomy/buckle (₹50,000–1,50,000)
Retinal tearA break before detachmentNew floaters or flashesSame-day barrage laser
Macular holeA gap in the very centreDistortion, central dark spotVitrectomy + gas (₹45,000–1,20,000)
Epiretinal membraneScar tissue wrinkles the maculaWavy, distorted reading visionVitrectomy + membrane peel (₹40,000–1,50,000)
Vein occlusion (BRVO/CRVO)A retinal vein blocks and bleedsSudden painless vision lossAnti-VEGF injections + laser; BP/sugar workup
High myopia degenerationA stretched retina thins and cracksDistortion at −6 power and aboveOCT monitoring; anti-VEGF if CNVM
Floaters & PVDThe vitreous gel shrinks and clumpsDrifting spots and cobwebsDilated check; reassurance or YAG/vitrectomy in selected cases

Every row above is treated in-house — diagnosis to surgery. And because eyes rarely have just one problem, we co-manage glaucoma treatment in Andheri Mumbai, children’s eye problems with a premier pediatric ophthalmologist in Andheri Mumbai, and everyday troubles like how to prevent dry eyes in winter.

3. How We Diagnose: OCT, OCTA, FFA, Visual Fields, Ultrasound — When Each Is Used

  • OCT (₹1,500–3,000/eye) — a cross-section scan of the retina, like an MRI without radiation. First-line for macular edema, holes, membranes and AMD — the scan your injections are timed by.
  • OCTA (₹3,500–5,000) — dye-free angiography that maps retinal blood flow. Used for CNVM, PCV and diabetic ischemia.
  • FFA (fluorescein angiography) — a dye-based video of retinal circulation, still essential for vein occlusions and complex diabetic cases.
  • Visual field testing (₹750–1,600/eye) — maps side vision for glaucoma and neurological overlap; read our guide to the HVF test in Andheri West Mumbai.
  • B-scan ultrasound — sees through a hazy eye (dense cataract, vitreous haemorrhage) to find detachments the ophthalmoscope cannot.
Retinal specialist in Andheri West reviewing OCT scan on screen at Crystal Clear Eye Clinic Mumbai
Your OCT, explained on the screen — every scan is read by Dr. Gala himself, in your language.

4. How We Treat: Injections, Lasers, Vitrectomy — the Three Pillars

Pillar 1 — Intravitreal injections. Anti-VEGF drugs injected into the eye (painless, 2 minutes, walk home) are the backbone of wet AMD, DME, PCV and vein-occlusion care. Safety is protocol-driven — povidone-iodine asepsis is the proven shield against infection (technique evidence), and structured high-volume clinics raise safety further (clinic evidence). Full details: intravitreal injection in Andheri West Mumbai — painless anti-VEGF eye injections by Dr Jignesh Gala FRCS.

Pillar 2 — Lasers. Barrage laser seals retinal tears before they detach; PRP (₹3,000–8,000/sitting) tames proliferative diabetic retinopathy; focal laser treats selected leaks. Minutes in the OPD, no admission.

Pillar 3 — Vitrectomy surgery. Micro-incision keyhole surgery inside the eye for detachments, macular holes, membranes and haemorrhages (₹40,000–1,50,000) — performed by Dr. Gala in his own operation theatre at Topax Eye Hospital, with written outcomes discussed beforehand.

5. Why Patients Choose Dr. Jignesh Gala as Their Retinal Specialist in Andheri West

Retinal specialist in Andheri West — Dr Jignesh Gala, FRCS Glasgow vitreoretinal surgeon
Dr. Jignesh Gala — FRCS (Glasgow), vitreoretinal fellowship, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute

Choosing a retinal specialist in Andheri West means choosing who will look after your macula for years. Patients choose Dr. Gala because the full chain — scan, diagnosis, injection, laser, surgery, follow-up — runs through one accountable doctor across his own two centres.

Credentials you can verify: FRCS (Glasgow) — read inside the FRCS Ophth Glasgow — plus MRCS (Edinburgh) and FICO (inside the FICO 2016).

A reviewer, not just a reader: six years a BMJ Case Reports peer reviewer (inside my six years as a BMJ Case Reports peer reviewer) — fully aware of the latest research — unlike old practitioners who stopped reading journals years ago.

Everything in-house: OCT/OCTA and laser at Andheri West; his own OT at Vile Parle East. No referrals out, no borrowed theatres.

Plain-words medicine: your condition, options and costs in English, Hindi, Marathi or Gujarati — before you decide. That is why patients call him the top eye specialist in Mumbai.

6. Locations — Andheri West & Vile Parle East

1) Crystal Clear Eye Clinic — Andheri West

📍 Address: Laram Centre CHS, A1-202, Swami Vivekanand Road, above Sunil Jewellers, near NADCO Shopping Centre, Railway Colony, Andheri West, Mumbai 400058 • Open daily, closes 9 pm
📞 077188 85245💬 WhatsApp Us
💳 Third-party/TPA cashless is done through Crystal Clear Eye Clinic (Andheri West).

The neighbourhood retinal specialist in Andheri West for Lokhandwala, Versova, Yari Road, Juhu, Oshiwara, DN Nagar, Seven Bungalows, Azad Nagar, Veera Desai Road, Amboli and Jogeshwari — and 20–30 minutes from Bandra, Khar, Santacruz, Goregaon, Malad and Kandivali.

Retinal specialist in Andheri West Mumbai — Crystal Clear Eye Clinic and Topax Eye Hospital team
One team, two centres — Andheri West for diagnostics and injections, Vile Parle East for surgery.

2) Topax Eye Hospital — Vile Parle East

📍 Vile Parle East, Mumbai • 📞 077188 85245 • Open daily, closes 9 pm
💳 Direct cashless is done through Topax Eye Care (Vile Parle East).

Convenient for Vile Parle East/West, Santacruz East, Khar, Bandra East, Kalina and the airport corridor — and home to Dr. Gala’s operation theatre, where vitrectomy, detachment and macular-hole surgeries happen. Direct cashless is done through Topax Eye Care (Vile Parle East); third-party/TPA cashless is done through Crystal Clear Eye Clinic (Andheri West).

7. हिंदी • मराठी • ગુજરાતી — Patient Summaries

🇮🇳 हिंदी सारांश — अंधेरी वेस्ट में रेटिना स्पेशलिस्ट

अंधेरी वेस्ट के रेटिनल स्पेशलिस्ट डॉ. जिग्नेश गाला आँख के पिछले हिस्से की हर बीमारी का इलाज करते हैं — डायबिटिक रेटिनोपैथी, AMD, रेटिनल डिटैचमेंट, मैकुलर होल, वेन ऑक्लूज़न और फ्लोटर्स — इंजेक्शन, लेज़र और विट्रेक्टोमी सर्जरी से। क्लीनिक में ही OCT/OCTA, सर्जरी अपने ही ऑपरेशन थियेटर में। अपॉइंटमेंट: 077188 85245

🚩 मराठी सारांश — अंधेरी वेस्टमधील रेटिना तज्ज्ञ

अंधेरी वेस्टमधील रेटिनल स्पेशलिस्ट डॉ. जिग्नेश गाला डोळ्याच्या मागील भागाच्या सर्व आजारांची — डायबेटिक रेटिनोपथी, AMD, रेटिनल डिटॅचमेंट, मॅक्युलर होल, व्हेन ऑक्लूझन व फ्लोटर्स — इंजेक्शन, लेझर व व्हिट्रेक्टॉमीद्वारे उपचार करतात. क्लिनिकमध्येच OCT/OCTA तपासणी, शस्त्रक्रिया स्वतःच्या ऑपरेशन थिएटरमध्ये. भेटीसाठी: 077188 85245.

🟡 ગુજરાતી સારાંશ — અંધેરી વેસ્ટમાં રેટિના સ્પેશિયાલિસ્ટ

અંધેરી વેસ્ટના રેટિનલ સ્પેશિયાલિસ્ટ ડૉ. જિગ્નેશ ગાલા આંખના પાછળના ભાગની દરેક બીમારી — ડાયાબેટિક રેટિનોપેથી, AMD, રેટિનલ ડિટેચમેન્ટ, મેક્યુલર હોલ, વેઈન ઓક્લુઝન અને ફ્લોટર્સ — નો ઇન્જેક્શન, લેસર અને વિટ્રેક્ટોમીથી સારવાર કરે છે. ક્લિનિકમાં જ OCT/OCTA, સર્જરી પોતાના ઓપરેશન થિયેટરમાં. એપોઈન્ટમેન્ટ: 077188 85245.

Retinal specialist in Andheri West Mumbai — Dr Jignesh Gala in surgical scrubs at Topax Eye Hospital
From scan to surgery under one doctor. Appointments: 077188 85245.

8. ❓ Frequently Asked Questions (English + Hinglish)

1. Retinal specialist kaunsi bimariyan treat karte hain?

Aankh ke peechle hisse ki saari bimariyan: diabetic retinopathy aur macular edema, wet/dry AMD, PCV, retinal detachment aur tears, macular hole, epiretinal membrane, vein occlusion, high myopia ki degeneration, floaters, vitreous haemorrhage aur uveitis. In sabka ilaaj — injection, laser ya vitrectomy — Dr. Gala ke apne centres mein hota hai.

2. Which retina condition is most common in Mumbai?

Diabetic retinopathy, by far — Mumbai’s diabetes epidemic shows up in retinas daily. That is why every diabetic needs an annual dilated retina check even with perfect vision; the earliest, most treatable stages produce no symptoms at all.

3. Kya retina problem bina operation theek ho sakti hai?

Haan — bahut si. Wet AMD, diabetic macular edema, PCV aur vein occlusion ka pehla ilaaj aajkal injections hai, surgery nahi. Retinal tears laser se seal ho jaati hain OPD mein. Surgery (vitrectomy) tabhi zaroori hai jab retina detach ho gaya ho, macular hole ho, ya andar khoon bhara ho — aur tab der karna nuksan kar deta hai.

4. Retina check-up ki cost kitni hai Andheri West mein?

Consultation ₹800–1,500; OCT ₹1,500–3,000 per eye; OCTA ₹3,500–5,000; visual field ₹750–1,600 per eye. Anti-VEGF injections ₹8,000–38,000 by drug (Eylea MRP ₹29,998 after the April-2026 cut); PRP laser ₹3,000–8,000/sitting; vitrectomy ₹40,000–1,50,000. Verified 24 July 2026 — call 077188 85245 for exact pricing.

5. How often should a diabetic see a retinal specialist?

At least once a year with a dilated examination, even if vision is perfect — earlier if you already have retinopathy (3–6 monthly, as graded), if sugar control is poor, during pregnancy, or the moment you notice any blur, floaters or distortion. Skipping “because vision is fine” is exactly how diabetics lose vision.

6. What is the difference between OCT and FFA?

OCT is an instant, dye-free cross-section scan showing retinal layers and fluid — the everyday workhorse. FFA uses an injected dye to film blood flow — revealing leaks and blockages OCT cannot see, vital in vein occlusions and complex diabetic disease. Many patients need only OCT; some need both. We advise honestly which one applies to you.

7. Retinal specialist kahan milein Andheri West mein?

Crystal Clear Eye Clinic — Laram Centre CHS, A1-202, Swami Vivekanand Road, above Sunil Jewellers, near NADCO Shopping Centre, Railway Colony, Andheri West, Mumbai 400058 — open daily, closes 9 pm. Surgery ke liye Topax Eye Hospital, Vile Parle East. Ek hi number: 077188 85245.

8. Do you treat eye emergencies like retinal detachment?

Yes — same day. Sudden floaters, flashes or a curtain across your vision is a walk-in-now emergency at our clinic: immediate dilated examination and ultrasound, and if surgery is needed, urgent vitrectomy in Dr. Gala’s own OT at Topax Eye Hospital. Hours decide outcomes in detachments — do not wait for an appointment slot.

Every guide below is written by the same surgeon who would operate on you:

From drjigneshgalaeye.com

From crystalcleareye.in

Your retina deserves a specialist. Today, not someday.

Whatever your retina condition — the diagnosis, the imaging and the treatment all happen under one roof, by one accountable specialist.

📍 Andheri West: Laram Centre CHS, A1-202, S.V. Road, above Sunil Jewellers, near NADCO Shopping Centre, Mumbai 400058
📍 Vile Parle East: Topax Eye Hospital • Open daily, closes 9 pm

📞 Call 077188 85245 💬 WhatsApp Us

Dr. Jignesh Gala, FRCS (Glasgow) — Vitreoretinal & Cataract Surgeon • drjigneshgalaeye.comcrystalcleareye.in

Medical disclaimer: This page is educational and does not replace a personal consultation. Prices are indicative, verified on 24 July 2026, and may change. Every eye is different — decisions are made only after examination by Dr. Jignesh Gala.

Research & Evidence Library — 189 Verified References

Every link verified live in July 2026 (official NCBI E-utilities). This is the research Dr. Gala reads — click any title to verify the science yourself.

IVT: Intravitreal Injection Technique & Safety

  1. Intravitreal aflibercept (VEGF trap-eye) in wet age-related macular degeneration.Ophthalmology, 2012
  2. Intravitreal Injection–Technique and Safety.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2015
  3. Efficacy and safety of avacincaptad pegol in patients with geographic atrophy (GATHER2): 12-month results from a randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trial.Lancet (London, England), 2023
  4. Improving Patient Safety in a High-Volume Intravitreal Injection Clinic.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2022
  5. Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Aflibercept for Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy in the PLANET Study: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA ophthalmology, 2018
  6. C5 Inhibitor Avacincaptad Pegol for Geographic Atrophy Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Randomized Pivotal Phase 2/3 Trial.Ophthalmology, 2021
  7. HAWK and HARRIER: Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Masked Trials of Brolucizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology, 2020
  8. Assessment of the safety of intravitreal injection of metoprolol tartrate in rabbits.Documenta ophthalmologica. Advances in ophthalmology, 2021
  9. Regarding “Intravitreal Injection–Technique and Safety”.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2016
  10. Intravitreal Aflibercept for Diabetic Macular Edema: 148-Week Results from the VISTA and VIVID Studies.Ophthalmology, 2016

IVT: Endophthalmitis After Intravitreal Injection

  1. Endophthalmitis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2013
  2. Differential diagnosis of endophthalmitis after intravitreal drug injection for age related macular degeneration: sterile vs. infectious.Archivos de la Sociedad Espanola de Oftalmologia, 2023
  3. Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection: a systematic review.Eye (London, England), 2018
  4. Sterile endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide: case report and literature review.Romanian journal of ophthalmology, 2024
  5. Noninfectious Intraocular Inflammation After Intravitreal Aflibercept.JAMA ophthalmology, 2025
  6. Meta-analysis of infectious endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents.Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina, 2014
  7. Incidence of endophthalmitis after intravitreal injection with and without topical antibiotic prophylaxis.European journal of ophthalmology, 2021
  8. Endophthalmitis Incidence after Intravitreal Injection of Anti-VEGF Agents with Povidone-Iodine versus Aqueous Chlorhexidine Antisepsis.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2025
  9. Endophthalmitis after intravitreal injections.Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 2009
  10. ACTINOMYCES NEUII ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER INTRAVITREAL ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR INJECTION.Retinal cases & brief reports, 2017

IVT: Intravitreal Injection Pain, Anxiety & Anesthesia

  1. Topical anesthesia for intravitreal injection.Expert opinion on drug delivery, 2012
  2. Cooling Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injections – A Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2023
  3. Experiences of patients undergoing anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review.Psychology, health & medicine, 2015
  4. Effects of music therapy on intravitreal injections: a randomised clinical trial.Singapore medical journal, 2025
  5. Anesthesia for Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2020
  6. Comparison of topical and subconjunctival anesthesia in intravitreal injection administrations.European journal of ophthalmology, 2006
  7. Patient pain during intravitreal injections under topical anesthesia: a systematic review.International journal of retina and vitreous, 2017
  8. Pain control and subconjunctival haemorrhage after intravitreal injection using cooled anaesthetic eyedrops and antiseptics: A prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial.Acta ophthalmologica, 2024
  9. Safety and efficacy of various topical anesthesia for intravitreal injection: a randomized controlled trial.International ophthalmology, 2026
  10. Quadrant-Specific Pain in Intravitreal Injection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2026

IVT: Ranibizumab For Diabetic Macular Edema

  1. Persistent diabetic macular edema: Definition, incidence, biomarkers, and treatment methods.Survey of ophthalmology, 2023
  2. Intravitreal Ranibizumab in Diabetic Macular Edema: Long-Term Outcomes.Developments in ophthalmology, 2017
  3. Ranibizumab in Diabetic Retinopathy with or without Diabetic Macular Edema.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2020
  4. Aflibercept versus Faricimab in the Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Macular Edema: A Review.International journal of molecular sciences, 2022
  5. Comparative Efficacy, Durability and Safety of Faricimab in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Systematic Literature Review and Network Meta-Analysis.Advances in therapy, 2023
  6. Diabetic macular edema.Developments in ophthalmology, 2010
  7. Systemic safety of ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: meta-analysis of randomized trials.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2014
  8. Race and Vision Outcomes in Ranibizumab-Treated Participants With Diabetic Macular Edema: A Meta-Analysis.JAMA ophthalmology, 2025
  9. [Recommendations for the use of ranibizumab in diabetic macular edema at IMSS].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 2017
  10. Baseline Diabetic Retinopathy Severity and Time to Diabetic Macular Edema Resolution with Ranibizumab Treatment: A Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2023

IVT: Aflibercept For Diabetic Macular Edema

  1. Faricimab Treat-and-Extend for Diabetic Macular Edema: Two-Year Results from the Randomized Phase 3 YOSEMITE and RHINE Trials.Ophthalmology, 2024
  2. IMPACT OF FARICIMAB VERSUS AFLIBERCEPT ON EPIRETINAL MEMBRANE FORMATION OVER 2 YEARS IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA IN THE PHASE 3 YOSEMITE AND RHINE TRIALS.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2025
  3. Aflibercept versus ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: A meta-analysis.European journal of ophthalmology, 2024
  4. Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, or Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema: Two-Year Results from a Comparative Effectiveness Randomized Clinical Trial.Ophthalmology, 2016
  5. Clinical trials and real-world studies examining faricimab and high-dose aflibercept for wet age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema.Current opinion in ophthalmology, 2025
  6. Intravitreal Aflibercept 8 mg for Diabetic Macular Edema: Ninety-Six-Week Results from the Randomized Phase 2/3 PHOTON Trial.Ophthalmology, 2026
  7. Intravitreal aflibercept 8 mg in diabetic macular oedema (PHOTON): 48-week results from a randomised, double-masked, non-inferiority, phase 2/3 trial.Lancet (London, England), 2024
  8. Aflibercept Monotherapy or Bevacizumab First for Diabetic Macular Edema.The New England journal of medicine, 2022
  9. Anatomic Control with Faricimab versus Aflibercept in the YOSEMITE/RHINE Trials in Diabetic Macular Edema.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2025
  10. Five-Year Outcomes after Initial Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, or Ranibizumab Treatment for Diabetic Macular Edema (Protocol T Extension Study).Ophthalmology, 2020

IVT: Faricimab (Vabysmo) Trials

  1. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab up to every 16 weeks for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (TENAYA and LUCERNE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3, non-inferiority trials.Lancet (London, England), 2022
  2. TENAYA and LUCERNE: Two-Year Results from the Phase 3 Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Trials of Faricimab with Treat-and-Extend Dosing in Year 2.Ophthalmology, 2024
  3. Efficacy, durability, and safety of intravitreal faricimab with extended dosing up to every 16 weeks in patients with diabetic macular oedema (YOSEMITE and RHINE): two randomised, double-masked, phase 3 trials.Lancet (London, England), 2022
  4. Four-Year Outcomes of Faricimab in Diabetic Macular Edema: Results from the RHONE-X Extension Trial.Ophthalmology, 2026
  5. Simultaneous Inhibition of Angiopoietin-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A with Faricimab in Diabetic Macular Edema: BOULEVARD Phase 2 Randomized Trial.Ophthalmology, 2019
  6. Efficacy and Safety of Faricimab for Macular Edema due to Retinal Vein Occlusion: 24-Week Results from the BALATON and COMINO Trials.Ophthalmology, 2024
  7. Anatomic Outcomes with Faricimab vs Aflibercept in Head-to-Head Dosing Phase of the TENAYA/LUCERNE Trials in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology, 2025
  8. Faricimab Treat-and-Extend Dosing for Macular Edema Due to Retinal Vein Occlusion: 72-Week Results from the BALATON and COMINO Trials.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2025
  9. Faricimab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration and diabetic macular edema: from preclinical studies to phase 3 outcomes.Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2024

IVT: Aflibercept 8 Mg (Photon / Pulsar)

  1. Aflibercept 8 mg versus Faricimab Treat-and-Extend for Diabetic Macular Edema or Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Bayesian Fixed-Effect Network Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2025
  2. A Matching-Adjusted Comparison of Faricimab and Aflibercept 8 mg in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Diabetic Macular Edema.Ophthalmic research, 2026
  3. Economic Benefit of Aflibercept 8 mg Versus Faricimab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration or Diabetic Macular Edema in the US.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2025
  4. Intraocular Pressure Outcomes with Intravitreal Aflibercept 8 mg: A 96-Week Pooled Analysis from PULSAR and PHOTON.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2026
  5. A Response to: Letter to the Editor Regarding “Aflibercept 8 mg Versus Faricimab Treat-and-Extend for Diabetic Macular Edema or Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Bayesian Fixed-Effect Network Meta-analysis of Clinical Trials”.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2026
  6. Effect of High-Dose Intravitreal Aflibercept, 8 mg, in Patients With Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Phase 2 CANDELA Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA ophthalmology, 2023
  7. High-Dose 8 mg Aflibercept for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Who Is Being Treated with This New Agent?Life (Basel, Switzerland), 2025
  8. Aflibercept high-dose (8mg) related intraocular inflammation (IOI) – a case series.BMC ophthalmology, 2024
  9. Clinical Outcomes of High-Dose Aflibercept 8 mg in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cureus, 2026
  10. Initial Functional and Anatomical Outcomes of High-dose Aflibercept 8 mg in Exudative Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2025

IVT: Brolucizumab

  1. Risk of Inflammation, Retinal Vasculitis, and Retinal Occlusion-Related Events with Brolucizumab: Post Hoc Review of HAWK and HARRIER.Ophthalmology, 2021
  2. Understanding Retinal Vasculitis Associated with Brolucizumab: Complex Pathophysiology or Occam’s Razor?Ocular immunology and inflammation, 2022
  3. [Efficacy of brolucizumab in the treatment of retinal pathologies: a review of post-marketing studies].Vestnik oftalmologii, 2024
  4. RETINAL VASCULITIS OR VASCULAR OCCLUSION AFTER BROLUCIZUMAB FOR NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION: A Systematic Review of Real-World Evidence.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2023
  5. EXUDATIVE RETINAL DETACHMENT AFTER INTRAVITREAL BROLUCIZUMAB INJECTION.Retinal cases & brief reports, 2023
  6. Retinal vasculitis after intravitreal injection of brolucizumab.Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d’ophtalmologie, 2022
  7. Retinal Vasculitis and Intraocular Inflammation after Intravitreal Injection of Brolucizumab.Ophthalmology, 2020
  8. Brolucizumab-associated intraocular inflammation in eyes without retinal vasculitis.Journal of vitreoretinal diseases, 2021
  9. Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis Following Intravitreal Brolucizumab.Journal of vitreoretinal diseases, 2020
  10. KESTREL and KITE: 52-Week Results From Two Phase III Pivotal Trials of Brolucizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema.American journal of ophthalmology, 2022

IVT: Ranibizumab Biosimilars

  1. Approved biosimilar ranibizumab-a global update.Eye (London, England), 2023
  2. Comparison Between Ranibizumab Biosimilar, Innovator Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab in a Real-World Situation.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2022
  3. Biosimilar ranibizumab interchangeability: what does it mean to retinal physicians?Eye (London, England), 2023
  4. Biosimilar Ranibizumab (Ranieyes) Safety and Efficacy in the Real World: BRESER Study.Journal of vitreoretinal diseases, 2025
  5. Biosimilar ranibizumab (BS1) – early experience from Japan (BRIJ study).Eye (London, England), 2024
  6. Treatment Landscape of Macular Disorders in Indian Patients with the Advent of Razumab™ (World’s First Biosimilar Ranibizumab): A Comprehensive Review.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2021
  7. Biosimilar ranibizumab in India- overview of phase 3 clinical trial designs.Eye (London, England), 2024
  8. Innovator Versus Biosimilar Ranibizumab in Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy: Real-World Evidence.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2022
  9. FYB-201 Biosimilar ranibizumab (Ongavia/Ranivisio/Cimerli) Efficacy and Safety in Clinical Settings – FORCE study.Eye (London, England), 2025
  10. Biosimilar Ranibizumab and Innovator Ranibizumab-Immunogenicity Assessment and Its Impact on Safety and Efficacy.JAMA ophthalmology, 2023

IVT: Anti-Vegf For Neovascular Amd

  1. VEGF in Diabetic Retinopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration.International journal of molecular sciences, 2025
  2. Fibrosis in age-related neovascular macular degeneration in the anti-VEGF era.Eye (London, England), 2024
  3. Targeting C3b/C4b and VEGF with a bispecific fusion protein optimized for neovascular age-related macular degeneration therapy.Science translational medicine, 2022
  4. Incomplete response to Anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular AMD: Exploring disease mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities.Progress in retinal and eye research, 2021
  5. [Anti-VEGF therapy resistance in neovascular age-related macular degeneration].Vestnik oftalmologii, 2017
  6. Exploring new horizons in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: novel mechanisms of action and future therapeutic avenues.Eye (London, England), 2025
  7. Anti-angiogenic biomolecules in neovascular age-related macular degeneration; therapeutics and drug delivery systems.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2024
  8. Treatment Strategies for Anti-VEGF Resistance in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Targeting Arteriolar Choroidal Neovascularization.Biomolecules, 2024
  9. Guidelines for the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA).The British journal of ophthalmology, 2014
  10. Resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comprehensive review.Drug design, development and therapy, 2016

IVT: Retinal Vein Occlusion Anti-Vegf

  1. Integrated Assessment of OCT, Multimodal Imaging, and Cytokine Markers for Predicting Treatment Responses in Retinal Vein Occlusion Associated Macular Edema: A Comparative Review of Anti-VEGF and Steroid Therapies.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 2024
  2. [Retinal vein occlusion: anti-VEGF treatments].Journal francais d’ophtalmologie, 2009
  3. Retinal Vein Occlusion.Developments in ophthalmology, 2016
  4. Use of Anti-VEGF Drugs in Retinal Vein Occlusions.Current drug targets, 2020
  5. Effectiveness and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Survey of ophthalmology, 2025
  6. Real-World Visual and Neovascularisation Outcomes from anti-VEGF in Central Retinal Vein Occlusion.Ophthalmic epidemiology, 2021
  7. Retinal vein occlusion.Handbook of clinical neurology, 2026
  8. Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Faricimab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration, Diabetic Macular Edema, and Retinal Vein Occlusion: A Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmologica. Journal international d’ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift fur Augenheilkunde, 2024
  9. [Long-term outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy for macular edema in retinal vein occlusion].Vestnik oftalmologii, 2022
  10. Photocoagulation for retinal vein occlusion.Progress in retinal and eye research, 2021

IVT: Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization

  1. Safety review of anti-VEGF therapy in patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization.Expert opinion on drug safety, 2022
  2. IMI Pathologic Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2021
  3. Management of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization: Focus on Anti-VEGF Therapy.Drugs, 2016
  4. The role of anti-VEGF agents in myopic choroidal neovascularization: Current standards and future outlook.Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2016
  5. Ranibizumab for myopic choroidal neovascularization.Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2020
  6. Anti-VEGF Therapy in Myopic CNV.Current drug targets, 2021
  7. Pharmacotherapy of Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization.Current pharmaceutical design, 2018
  8. Risk factors for myopic choroidal neovascularization-related macular atrophy after anti-VEGF treatment.PloS one, 2022
  9. Anti-VEGF treatment for myopic choroid neovascularization: from molecular characterization to update on clinical application.Drug design, development and therapy, 2015
  10. Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization: Review, Guidance, and Consensus Statement on Management.Ophthalmology, 2017

IVT: Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: Anti-Vegf Vs Prp

  1. Anti-VEGF Injections vs. Panretinal Photocoagulation Laser Therapy for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2025
  2. Initial Therapy of Panretinal Photocoagulation vs Anti-VEGF Injection for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy.JAMA ophthalmology, 2024
  3. Diabetic retinopathy.Nature reviews. Disease primers, 2016
  4. Panretinal Photocoagulation vs Intravitreous Ranibizumab for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA, 2015
  5. A review of neovascular glaucoma. Etiopathogenesis and treatment.Romanian journal of ophthalmology, 2021
  6. Anti-VEGF crunch syndrome in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A review.Survey of ophthalmology, 2021
  7. Anti-VEGF drugs compared with laser photocoagulation for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 2024
  8. [Diabetic retinopathy].Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 2021
  9. A review of anti-VEGF agents for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Eye (London, England), 2014
  10. Outcomes of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Treated with Anti-VEGF Therapy and/or Panretinal Photocoagulation in the United States Who Were Lost to Follow-up.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2025

IVT: Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex)

  1. Reverse engineering the Ozurdex dexamethasone intravitreal implant.International journal of pharmaceutics, 2023
  2. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (OZURDEX(®)) for macular edema secondary to noninfectious uveitis: a review of the literature.Therapeutic delivery, 2019
  3. OZURDEX® (Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant) 0.7 mg as Initial Therapy in Pseudophakic Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema, Macular Edema Following Retinal Vein Occlusion, and Noninfectious Posterior Segment Uveitis: A Case-Based Discussion.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2019
  4. Intraoperative Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant (Ozurdex) in Vitrectomy Surgery for Epiretinal Membrane.Current eye research, 2020
  5. CASE REPORT OF ABIOTROPHIA DEFECTIVA ENDOPHTHALMITIS AFTER REPEATED INJECTIONS OF DEXAMETHASONE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT (OZURDEX).Retinal cases & brief reports, 2022
  6. PERSISTENT REMNANTS OF DEXAMETHASONE INTRAVITREAL IMPLANT (OZURDEX).Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2020
  7. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) for the treatment of pediatric uveitis.Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 2014
  8. Retinal vein occlusion and the use of a dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex®) in its treatment.Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2016
  9. Spontaneous extrusion of a dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex).BMJ case reports, 2020
  10. Protracted Intralenticular Implant of Sustained-Release Dexamethasone Implant (Ozurdex).Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde, 2024

IVT: Port Delivery System / Susvimo / Sustained Delivery

  1. Continuous Ranibizumab via Port Delivery System vs Monthly Ranibizumab for Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: The Pagoda Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA ophthalmology, 2025
  2. Archway Randomized Phase 3 Trial of the Port Delivery System with Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology, 2022
  3. Ranibizumab port delivery system: a clinical perspective.BMJ open ophthalmology, 2022
  4. Port Delivery System With Ranibizumab: As Always – Risks Versus Benefits for the Recipients.Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina, 2022
  5. Development of the Port Delivery System with ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Current opinion in ophthalmology, 2022
  6. The port delivery system with ranibizumab: understanding nuances for clinical use in the real world.Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2022
  7. Gene therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration by subretinal delivery of RGX-314: a phase 1/2a dose-escalation study.Lancet (London, England), 2024
  8. Port Delivery System With Ranibizumab vs Monitoring in Nonproliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Without Macular Edema: The Pavilion Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA ophthalmology, 2025
  9. Cost-Utility Analysis of the Port Delivery System with Ranibizumab for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology. Retina, 2024
  10. Ranibizumab versus laser therapy for the treatment of very low birthweight infants with retinopathy of prematurity (RAINBOW): an open-label randomised controlled trial.Lancet (London, England), 2019

IVT: Treat-And-Extend Anti-Vegf

  1. Treat-and-extend dosing of intravitreal anti-VEGF agents in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis.Eye (London, England), 2023
  2. TREAT-AND-EXTEND REGIMENS WITH ANTI-VEGF AGENTS IN RETINAL DISEASES: A Literature Review and Consensus Recommendations.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2015
  3. Vitrectomy as an Adjunct to Treat-and-Extend Anti-VEGF Injections for Diabetic Macular Edema: The Vitrectomy in Diabetic Macular Oedema (VIDEO) Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA ophthalmology, 2024
  4. Efficacy, safety, and treatment burden of treat-and-extend versus alternative anti-VEGF regimens for nAMD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England), 2023
  5. Treat and Extend Treatment Interval Patterns with Anti-VEGF Therapy in nAMD Patients.Vision (Basel, Switzerland), 2019
  6. A Systematic Review of the Treat and Extend Treatment Regimen with Anti-VEGF Agents for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2017
  7. The Role of Intravitreal Corticosteroids in the Treatment of DME: Predictive OCT Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences, 2022
  8. Progress and Challenges of Anti-VEGF Agents and Their Sustained-Release Strategies for Retinal Angiogenesis.Drug design, development and therapy, 2022
  9. Treat and Extend Anti-VEGF Treatment Regimens for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: To Stop or Not to Stop?Clinical & experimental ophthalmology, 2025
  10. Treat-and-extend regimens of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for retinal vein occlusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Acta ophthalmologica, 2022

IVT: Intravitreal Injection Real-World India

  1. Real-World Evidence in the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema with Intravitreal Anti-VEGFs in Asia: A Systematic Literature Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2022
  2. Real-World Safety Outcomes of Intravitreal Ranibizumab Biosimilar (Razumab) Therapy for Chorioretinal Diseases.Ophthalmology and therapy, 2021
  3. REal-world treatment outcomes after delayed intRavitreal therapy in center-involving diabetic macular edema – RETORT study.International journal of retina and vitreous, 2023
  4. “Real world outcomes of intravitreal brolucizumab for persistent diabetic macular edema”.International journal of retina and vitreous, 2025
  5. Real-world experience of brolucizumab in nAMD.Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2024
  6. Real-world outcomes of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monotherapy in proliferative type 2 macular telangiectasia.Graefe’s archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie, 2021
  7. Ranizurel safety evaluation in real-world -(RaSER) study.American journal of ophthalmology case reports, 2022
  8. Initial experience with brolucizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in India – Multicentric, real-world study.Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2024
  9. Real-world evidence of safety profile of intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in an Indian scenario.Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2017
  10. Factors determining compliance with recommended intravitreal injections for retinal diseases among out-of-pocket, fully subsidized (non-paying), and insured patients: Real-world evidence from India.Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2025

IVT: Ocular Gene Therapy (Retina)

  1. Efficacy and safety of voretigene neparvovec (AAV2-hRPE65v2) in patients with RPE65-mediated inherited retinal dystrophy: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial.Lancet (London, England), 2017
  2. Lipid nanoparticles for gene therapy in ocular diseases.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 2023
  3. Gene therapy for ocular angiogenesis.Clinical science (London, England : 1979), 2003
  4. Sustained Vision Recovery by OSK Gene Therapy in a Mouse Model of Glaucoma.Cellular reprogramming, 2023
  5. Gene Editing for CEP290-Associated Retinal Degeneration.The New England journal of medicine, 2024
  6. Characterization of RNA editing and gene therapy with a compact CRISPR-Cas13 in the retina.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2024
  7. Ocular Gene Therapy-The Future Is Now.Asia-Pacific journal of ophthalmology (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2016
  8. Minicircle Delivery to the Neural Retina as a Gene Therapy Approach.International journal of molecular sciences, 2022
  9. Treatment of ocular disorders by gene therapy.European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V, 2015
  10. Antiangiogenic Eye Gene Therapy.Human gene therapy, 2015

IVT: Pmc Free Full-Text (Intravitreal Anti-Vegf Reviews & Related)

  1. Reduced occurrence of programmed cell death and gliosis in the retinas of juvenile rabbits after shortterm treatment with intravitreous bevacizumab.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 2012
  2. Intravitreous bevacizumab in the treatment of macular edema from branch retinal vein occlusion and hemisphere retinal vein occlusion (an AOS thesis).Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society, 2008
  3. Real-World Effectiveness and Real-World Cost-Effectiveness of Intravitreal Aflibercept and Intravitreal Ranibizumab in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Studies.Advances in therapy, 2020
  4. Intravitreal Injectable Hydrogels for Sustained Drug Delivery in Glaucoma Treatment and Therapy.Polymers, 2022
  5. One-Year Effectiveness Study of Intravitreously Administered Conbercept(®) Monotherapy in Diabetic Macular Degeneration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 2020
  6. Intravitreal injection analysis at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute: evaluation of clinical indications for the treatment and incidence rates of endophthalmitis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 2010
  7. The evolving therapeutic landscape of diabetic retinopathy.Expert opinion on biological therapy, 2023
  8. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2019
  9. Incidence of Acute Endophthalmitis after Intravitreal Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injection in Age-related Macular Degeneration.Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO, 2022
  10. Intravitreal bevacizumab-induced exacerbation of proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy, and amelioration by switching to ranibizumab.SAGE open medical case reports, 2020